Jerry Moran
- Previous profession
- Banker; Attorney; Special assistant attorney general, Kansas State, 1982 to 1985;
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- Banker
- Attorney
- Special assistant attorney general, Kansas State, 1982 to 1985
- Deputy attorney, Rooks County, 1987 to 1995
- President, University of Kansas School of Law Board of Governors, 1994 to 1995 (vice president, 1993 to 1994)
- First public office
- 1989Member, Kansas State Senate, 1989 to 1997 (vice president, 1993 to 1995, majority leader, 1995 to 1997)
- Years in public office
- 37
Confirmed from the official recordSource: Congressional Directory for the 119th Congress (2025-2026), February 20, 2026. We saved our copy on October 8, 2026.
What these lines mean
These lines come from this official’s entry in the Congressional Directory, which Congress publishes. Each member’s office supplies or approves its entry. We save our own copy and sort each part of the entry by fixed rules. No AI is used.
Previous profession lists the work the entry names outside public office, in the Directory’s own words. Public office here means an elected or appointed position, staff work for an elected official or a legislature, and party or campaign work.
Lifelong politician means: Congress’s biography lists no occupation outside public office. It also means the entry lists no military service. A person on our side confirms these words before they appear.
Years in public office counts elected and appointed positions only. Staff work and party work are left out. Each year counts once.
Since the current Congress began on January 3, 2025, Moran has a recorded vote on 38 laws that passed.
This record covers laws that passed. Votes on bills that did not become law are not included yet.
The record in plain language
Of the 118 laws passed since January 3, 2025, 38 came to a recorded vote in the Senate while Moran is a member. The rest passed the Senate by voice vote or without objection, which records no individual votes.
Moran votes Yes on the Laken Riley Act on immigration detention; the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, the 2025 tax and spending law; the HALT Fentanyl Act; the GENIUS Act on stablecoins (digital tokens pegged to the dollar); the Rescissions Act of 2025, which cancelled about $9 billion in approved spending; the defense policy law for fiscal year 2026; the Secure America Act, a 2026 budget law; the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act; and the Russia and Iran sanctions law.
On funding the government, Moran votes Yes on the March 2025 full-year funding law; the November 2025 law that ended the 43-day shutdown; the January 2026 funding law for science, energy, Interior and the EPA; the February 2026 funding law for a further group of agencies; and the September 2026 funding extension.
Congress cancelled 24 federal rules by recorded vote in the Senate in that time. Moran votes to cancel 22 and against cancelling 0, and did not vote on 2. The rules Moran votes to cancel come from: Interior: Bureau of Land Management (6), Environmental Protection Agency (5), Energy (4), Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (2), District of Columbia government (1), Treasury: Comptroller of the Currency (1), Interior: National Park Service (1), Treasury: Internal Revenue Service (1) and Interior: Ocean Energy Management (1).
Moran votes the same way as most Senate Republicans on all 36 of these Yes and No votes.
Moran did not vote on the law that cancels a land agency decision that limited oil and gas leasing on the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and the law that cancels the EPA approval that let California set stricter smog-pollution limits for heavy-duty truck engines.
Votes on laws that passed
What this member says about laws and orders
This section has two lists: statements in the official record, and excerpts from this member’s own press releases. Together they name 2 laws and 4 executive orders.
From the official record
Statements from the official record: Not checked yet. A statement appears here after a person reviews our account of the law or order it is about.
From this member’s press releases
From a secondary sourceThese are excerpts from press releases on this member’s official website that name a law or an executive order. We save a copy of each one.
11 excerpts
- Blocking Property With Respect To Specified Harmful Foreign Activities of the Government of the Russian FederationSeptember 30, 2026
Sen. Moran Joins Colleagues in Raising Concerns About Putin’s Invitation to the G20 Summit
“President Putin and Anton Siluanov, in addition to others traveling as part of the respective delegations for G20 meetings, are sanctioned under Executive Order 14024 for engaging in conduct deemed to be harmful to U.S. national security. It is troubling that, despite being sanctioned, these individuals have been given access to participate in G20 forums hosted in the United States.”
- One Big Beautiful Bill ActJune 25, 2026
“During negotiations on the One Big Beautiful Bill Act last year, Sen. Moran made certain Kansas rural hospitals could receive increased Medicaid reimbursements. A recent RAND study showed that Kansas will take in more revenue because of the legislation.”
- One Big Beautiful Bill ActJune 24, 2026
Sen. Moran: Kansas Rural Hospitals to Receive Increased Medicaid Funding
“During negotiations on the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, Sen. Moran included language in the legislation to make certain Kansas rural hospitals could receive increased Medicaid reimbursements.”
- One Big Beautiful Bill ActApril 15, 2026
VIDEO: Chairman Moran Leads Joint Hearing on FIFA World Cup 2026 Security Preparations
“July 2025: Sen. Moran helped secure $59.5 million in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act for state and local municipalities in the Kansas City region to assist with the safety and security of the World Cup events.”
- One Big Beautiful Bill ActDecember 18, 2025
Sen. Moran Leads Hearing to Review FAA ATC Modernization Plan
“Congress invested $12.5 billion in ATC modernization in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act”
- One Big Beautiful Bill ActNovember 4, 2025
“This $50 billion rural provider fund was created in the One Big Beautiful Bill Act and helps identify the root challenges facing rural health providers and invests in solutions to improve outcomes for struggling providers.”
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- One Big Beautiful Bill ActSeptember 15, 2025
“The One Big Beautiful Bill Act capped state provider taxes at 3.5% for Medicaid expansion states, but non-expansion states, like Kansas, are not subject to the federal state provider tax cap.”
- Public Law 119-33July 21, 2025
PASSED: Sen. Moran’s Legislation to Prohibit VA Senior Executives from Exploiting PACT Act Bonuses
“by U.S. Senator Jerry Moran (R-Kan.) – chairman of the Senate Committee on Veterans’ Affairs – to prohibit PACT Act Critical Skill Incentive (CSI) payments from going to Senior Executive Service employees at the Department of Veterans Affairs Central Office (VACO) in Washington, D.C. Sen. Moran’s legislation was passed as part of S.423, the Protecting Regular Order for Veterans Act.”
- Public Alert and Warning SystemJuly 17, 2025
Sen. Moran Statement on Passing the Rescissions Act of 2025
“Emergency Alerts: The Integrated Public Alert and Warning System (IPAWS), which sends alerts through radio and TV broadcasts and to cellphones, is funded through the Federal Emergency Management Agency and not subject to these rescissions.”
- Tribal Colleges and UniversitiesJune 24, 2025
“In Dec. 2022, Sen. Moran introduced legislation to give Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs) greater input over federal funding discussions that impact them.”
- Tribal Colleges and UniversitiesJune 24, 2025
“In Dec. 2022, Sen. Moran introduced legislation to give Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs) greater input over federal funding discussions that impact them.”
Member-requested spending
Congress printed 94 spending items this member requested, $283,029,000 in all, in the lists read for 4 laws.
Laws read: Public Law 119-37, Public Law 119-74, Public Law 119-75, Public Law 119-86.
| Recipient | Law | Purpose | State | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kansas State University | Public Law 119-37 | Global Center for Grain and Food Innovation-- Interdisciplinary Research Labs and Pilot Plant DevelopmentNational Institute of Food and Agriculture · Research Facilities Act Program | KS | $5,535,000 |
| Big Bend Groundwater Management District No. 5 | Public Law 119-37 | Rattlesnake Creek WatershedNatural Resources Conservation Service · Watershed and Flood Prevention Operations | KS | $4,200,000 |
| Phillips County Health Systems | Public Law 119-37 | Phillips County Health Systems Operating Room RepairsRural Housing Service · Rural Community Facilities Program | KS | $675,000 |
| Jewell County | Public Law 119-37 | Jewell County CourthouseRural Housing Service · Rural Community Facilities Program | KS | $20,000 |
| Barclay College | Public Law 119-37 | Barclay College Nursing ProgramRural Housing Service · Rural Community Facilities Program | KS | $1,875,000 |
| Rawlins County Health Center | Public Law 119-37 | Rawlins County Health Center Oncology Services ExpansionRural Housing Service · Rural Community Facilities Program | KS | $608,000 |
| City of Parsons Police Department | Public Law 119-37 | Parsons Public Safety CenterRural Housing Service · Rural Community Facilities Program | KS | $2,300,000 |
| B95 Fire Station Truck Bay Addition: Minor Construction | Public Law 119-37 | B95 Fire Station Truck Bay Addition: Minor ConstructionArmy | None printed | $8,200,000 |
| Functional Fitness Center: Design | Public Law 119-37 | Functional Fitness Center: DesignArmy | None printed | $900,000 |
| Access Control Facility Improvements : Minor Construction | Public Law 119-37 | Access Control Facility Improvements : Minor ConstructionArmy | None printed | $5,500,000 |
Show all 94
| Recipient | Law | Purpose | State | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Air Traffic Control Tower | Public Law 119-37 | Air Traffic Control TowerArmy | None printed | $26,000,000 |
| Construct Deployment Ready Reaction Field--Stagi ng Area: Design | Public Law 119-37 | Construct Deployment Ready Reaction Field--Stagi ng Area: DesignArmy | None printed | $2,600,000 |
| on STAG--Clean Water Stat Revolving Fund | Public Law 119-74 | e KS Riley County f District UpgrEnvironmentAgency · al Protecti | None printed | $1,000,000 |
| on STAG--Drinking Water S Revolving Fund | Public Law 119-74 | tate KS City of Caney Distribution ImprovementsEnvironmentAgency · al Protecti | None printed | $4,000,000 |
| on STAG--Drinking Water S Revolving Fund | Public Law 119-74 | tate KS City of Hays f and PipelineEnvironmentAgency · al Protecti | None printed | $11,000,000 |
| on STAG--Drinking Water S Revolving Fund | Public Law 119-74 | tate KS McPherson Boar Utilities for Field ProjectEnvironmentAgency · al Protecti | None printed | $2,000,000 |
| on STAG--Drinking Water S Revolving Fund | Public Law 119-74 | tate KS Russell R9 ProEnvironmentAgency · al Protecti | None printed | $1,000,000 |
| State, Private, and Tr Forestry | Public Law 119-74 | ibal KS Kansas Forest Wildfire MitiForest Serv · ice | None printed | $2,000,000 |
| Kansas State University | Public Law 119-74 | KSU Olathe Advanced Manufacturing and Supply Chain ResearchDOC · NIST--STR S | None printed | $5,004,000 |
| Kansas City Kansas Community College | Public Law 119-74 | Advanced Manufacturing Workforce Enhancement ProgramDOC · NIST--STR S | None printed | $3,000,000 |
| Kansas State University | Public Law 119-74 | Bioprocessing & Industrial Value Added Products Equipment Innovation Center-- EquipmentDOC · NIST--STR S | None printed | $4,000,000 |
| Wichita State University | Public Law 119-74 | Advanced Manufacturing Technology and EquipmentDOC · NIST--STR S | None printed | $5,000,000 |
| Kansas State University | Public Law 119-74 | Bioprocessing & Industrial Value Added Products Equipment Innovation Center-- ConstructionDOC · NIST Construction | None printed | $8,000,000 |
| University of Kansas | Public Law 119-74 | University of Kansas Cancer CenterDOC · NIST Construction | None printed | $36,000,000 |
| Kansas Bureau of Investigation | Public Law 119-74 | Southeast Kansas Regional Crime Center and LaboratoryDOJ · OJP--Byrne | None printed | $8,000,000 |
| Big Brothers Big Sisters of Kansas | Public Law 119-74 | Youth Mentoring and Juvenile Delinquency PreventionDOJ · OJP--Byrne | None printed | $1,000,000 |
| Greenwood County Sheriff | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $637,000 |
| Wathena Police Department | Public Law 119-74 | Equipment upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $95,000 |
| Crawford County Sheriff | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $262,000 |
| Leawood Police Department | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $43,000 |
| Osawatomie Police Department | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $157,000 |
| Haskell County Sheriff | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $214,000 |
| Trego County Sheriff | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $52,000 |
| Logan County Sheriff | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $24,000 |
| Victoria Police Department | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $78,000 |
| Smith County Sheriff | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $27,000 |
| Chase County Sheriff | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $362,000 |
| McPherson County Sheriff | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $138,000 |
| Norton City Police Department | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $63,000 |
| Brown County Sheriff | Public Law 119-74 | Equipment upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $177,000 |
| Miami County Sheriff | Public Law 119-74 | Equipment upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $547,000 |
| Dickinson County Sheriff | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $750,000 |
| Neodesha Police Department | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $75,000 |
| Ellis County Sheriff | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $327,000 |
| Mitchell County Sheriff | Public Law 119-74 | Equipment upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $94,000 |
| Elwood Police Department | Public Law 119-74 | Equipment upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $402,000 |
| Seneca Police Department | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $536,000 |
| Yates Center Police Department | Public Law 119-74 | Equipment upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $146,000 |
| Lindsborg Police Department | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $78,000 |
| Abilene Police Department | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $104,000 |
| Unified Government of Wyandotte County | Public Law 119-74 | Camera and Public Alert System UpgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $225,000 |
| Wichita County Sheriff | Public Law 119-74 | Technology upgradesDOJ · COPS Tech | None printed | $80,000 |
| Wichita State University | Public Law 119-74 | Hypersonic Flight ResearchNASA · SSMS | None printed | $10,000,000 |
| Cloud County Community College | Public Law 119-75 | to purchase advanced technology equipment and network infrastructure for technical educationDOL · Employment and Training Administration | KS | $708,000 |
| AdventHealth Shawnee Mission | Public Law 119-75 | for facilities and equipment to expand high-risk maternal fetal clinicHHS · Health Resources and Services Administration | KS | $1,000,000 |
| Hope Unlimited, Inc. | Public Law 119-75 | for facilities and equipment for construction of new domestic violence shelter that offers therapy, telehealth, primary care services, and complex care referralsHHS · Health Resources and Services Administration | KS | $2,700,000 |
| Mitchell County Hospital Health Systems | Public Law 119-75 | for facilities and equipment to renovate and expand the Emergency Department and rehabilitation spacesHHS · Health Resources and Services Administration | KS | $1,714,000 |
| Neosho Memorial Regional Medical Center | Public Law 119-75 | for facilities and equipment for renovation of the Cardiac Rehabilitation Center and for acquisition of imaging equipmentHHS · Health Resources and Services Administration | KS | $1,220,000 |
| Salina Family Healthcare Center | Public Law 119-75 | for facilities and equipment for construction of a new clinical education facilityHHS · Health Resources and Services Administration | KS | $3,261,000 |
| University of Kansas Hospital | Public Law 119-75 | for facilities and equipment to expand Emergency DepartmentHHS · Health Resources and Services Administration | KS | $10,000,000 |
| University of Kansas Hospital | Public Law 119-75 | for the acquisition of research equipment for cancer centerHHS · Health Resources and Services Administration | KS | $10,000,000 |
| Valley Hope Association Foundation | Public Law 119-75 | for facilities and equipment to renovate and expand residential care treatment centerHHS · Health Resources and Services Administration | KS | $1,771,000 |
| Wichita State University | Public Law 119-75 | for the acquisition of health sciences education equipment for Biomedical CampusHHS · Health Resources and Services Administration | KS | $10,000,000 |
| Barton County Community College | Public Law 119-75 | for the purchase of equipmentED · Higher Education | KS | $425,000 |
| Donnelly College | Public Law 119-75 | for the purchase of equipment, technology, and suppliesED · Higher Education | KS | $94,000 |
| Flint Hills Technical College | Public Law 119-75 | for the purchase of equipmentED · Higher Education | KS | $320,000 |
| Garden City Community College | Public Law 119-75 | for the purchase of equipment, technology, and suppliesED · Higher Education | KS | $450,000 |
| Hesston College | Public Law 119-75 | for the purchase of equipment and technologyED · Higher Education | KS | $800,000 |
| Independence Community College | Public Law 119-75 | for the purchase of equipmentED · Higher Education | KS | $300,000 |
| Kansas State University | Public Law 119-75 | for the purchase of equipment and technologyED · Higher Education | KS | $4,900,000 |
| Manhattan Area Technical College | Public Law 119-75 | for the purchase of equipmentED · Higher Education | KS | $244,000 |
| Pratt Community College | Public Law 119-75 | for the purchase of equipmentED · Higher Education | KS | $1,400,000 |
| Salina Area Technical College | Public Law 119-75 | for the purchase of equipmentED · Higher Education | KS | $200,000 |
| Washburn Institute of Technology | Public Law 119-75 | for the purchase of equipmentED · Higher Education | KS | $1,600,000 |
| Salina Airport Authority | Public Law 119-75 | Salina Airport Advanced Aviation & Engineering Research OperationsDepartment of Transportation · Transportation Planning, Research, and Development | KS | $1,000,000 |
| Miami County (Paola) Airport (K81) | Public Law 119-75 | Runway ExtensionDepartment of Transportation · Grants-in-Aid for Airports | KS | $1,800,000 |
| Ottawa Municipal Airport (OWI) | Public Law 119-75 | Airport ConstructionDepartment of Transportation · Grants-in-Aid for Airports | KS | $2,613,000 |
| Kearny County Airport (36K) | Public Law 119-75 | Runway ExpansionDepartment of Transportation · Grants-in-Aid for Airports | KS | $11,250,000 |
| Freeman Field Airport (3JC) | Public Law 119-75 | Runway RehabilitationDepartment of Transportation · Grants-in-Aid for Airports | KS | $4,038,000 |
| Topeka Regional Airport/Forbes Field (FOE) | Public Law 119-75 | North Apron RehabilitationDepartment of Transportation · Grants-in-Aid for Airports | KS | $5,986,000 |
| KS | Public Law 119-75 | Massoni Bridge ReplacementDepartment of Transportation · Highway Infrastructure Programs | KS | $2,376,000 |
| KS | Public Law 119-75 | 235th Street Road ImprovementDepartment of Transportation · Highway Infrastructure Programs | KS | $6,200,000 |
| KS | Public Law 119-75 | Buhler Road Bridge and Roadway ImprovementsDepartment of Transportation · Highway Infrastructure Programs | KS | $5,962,000 |
| KS | Public Law 119-75 | Arkansas River Crossing and 95th StreetDepartment of Transportation · Highway Infrastructure Programs | KS | $3,000,000 |
| City of Pittsburg | Public Law 119-75 | Rehabilitation of Pittsburg Industrial Park Rail LinesDepartment of Transportation · Consolidated Rail Infrastructure and Safety Improvements | KS | $2,000,000 |
| City of Osawatomie | Public Law 119-75 | John Brown Park Infrastructure RefurbishmentDepartment of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | KS | $250,000 |
| Kansas Department of Transportation | Public Law 119-75 | Route 92 Centennial Bridge ReplacementDepartment of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | KS | $4,000,000 |
| Mennonite Housing Rehabilitation Services, Inc. | Public Law 119-75 | Wichita Affordable Housing RehabilitationDepartment of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | KS | $825,000 |
| Cerebral Palsy Research Foundation of Kansas Inc | Public Law 119-75 | The Timbers Housing Renovation ProjectDepartment of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | KS | $2,500,000 |
| Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation | Public Law 119-75 | Head Start FacilityDepartment of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | KS | $4,968,000 |
| Kansas State Historical Society | Public Law 119-75 | John Brown Memorial Park & Visitors CenterDepartment of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | KS | $2,000,000 |
| McPherson Housing Coalition | Public Law 119-75 | McPherson Affordable Housing DevelopmentDepartment of Housing and Urban Development · Community Development Fund | KS | $2,000,000 |
| City of Englewood | Public Law 119-86 | Back-Up Generator ProcurementFEMA · Federal Assistance-PDM | KS | $44,000 |
| Sedgwick County | Public Law 119-86 | Sedgwick County Emergency Operations CenterFEMA · Federal Assistance-EOC | KS | $2,000,000 |
Read from the lists Congress printed for 4 laws. An item requested by several members appears under each of them, so sums across members count such an item more than once. A list the Congressional Record printed on two days is counted once, from the later printing. A requester is tied to a member only when exactly one member serving in that chamber on that day has the printed name.
Campaign promises
Promises kept: Not checked yet
Not checked yetA person has not reviewed this member’s campaign promises yet. This is what we hold so far.
- Campaign website: www.moranforkansas.com. The Federal Election Commission’s record of MORAN FOR KANSAS gives this address.Confirmed from the official record
- Pages of www.moranforkansas.com: Not checked yet.Not checked yet
Online ads
No advertiser in the ad libraries we read is tied to this member by an FEC number or an exact name.
Read from Google Ads Transparency Center, its data file of October 7, 2026. Meta Ad Library: Not started. An ad counts when the library last shows it on or after January 3, 2025.
Campaign money
For the 2026 election cycle, Moran's campaign reports receiving $1,301,304.17 and reports spending $312,788.77, as of June 30, 2026.
Confirmed from the official record| What the filing reports | 2026 cycleFEC number S0KS00091as of June 30, 2026 | 2024 cycleFEC number S0KS00091as of December 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Money raised (total receipts) | $1,301,304.17 | $1,805,895.59 |
| Money spent (total disbursements) | $312,788.77 | $415,236.63 |
| Cash on hand (at the end of the period) | $5,757,899.70 | $4,769,384.30 |
| Debts (owed by the committee) | $44,832.45 | $23,377.44 |
Where it comes from
| Reported as received from | 2026 cycleFEC number S0KS00091as of June 30, 2026 | 2024 cycleFEC number S0KS00091as of December 31, 2024 |
|---|---|---|
| Individuals, itemized | $190,305.00 | $175,626.00 |
| Individuals, unitemized | $754.56 | $24,049.90 |
| Other political committees | $325,950.00 | $499,850.00 |
| Party committees | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| The candidate, contributions | $0.00 | $0.00 |
| The candidate, loans | $0.00 | $0.00 |
Committees
- MORAN FOR KANSAS Principal campaign committee · 2024 and 2026 · FEC committee C00458315
- FREE STATE PAC Leadership PAC · 2024 and 2026 · FEC committee C00455717
Every figure is copied from the Federal Election Commission. The campaign's committee reports each one.
See contributions by size and by state, and the saved FEC files
Who funds this member
Not checked yetWho funds this member: Not checked yet.
Not started. This official's FEC lists are not saved yet.
Reported stock trades
Not checked yetReported stock trades: Not checked yet.
The Senate's disclosure site shows reports only after a person agrees to its terms in a browser. Our reader does not do that, so no Senate report is saved.
Where this comes from
We saved our own copy of each official Senate vote file listed here before writing this page. A code beside a file is its fingerprint, a short code that changes if the file's contents change.
